The Prospects of International Trade Regulation : From Fragmentation to Coherence.

The Prospects of International Trade Regulation : From Fragmentation to Coherence.

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Finding ways to bring coherence in the different bits and pieces of international trade regulation.

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Bibliographic Details
Author / Creator: Cottier, Thomas.
Other Authors / Creators:Delimatsis, Panagiotis.
Format: eBook Electronic
Language:English
Imprint: Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Subjects:
Foreign trade regulation.
Electronic books.
Local Note:Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2022. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Cover
  • Half-title
  • Title
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • Figures
  • Tables
  • Contributors
  • Preface and Acknowledgements
  • Table of cases
  • 1. International Court of Justice
  • 2. Court of Justice (EU)
  • 3. General Court (EU)
  • 4. European Patent Office (EPO)
  • 5. WTO Panels and Appellate Body
  • 6. GATT
  • 7. European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
  • 8. European Commission of Human Rights
  • 9. NAFTA
  • 10. Other Abritration
  • 11. Domestic Courts
  • (a) United States
  • (b) Canada
  • Abbreviations
  • Introduction: Fragmentation and coherence in international trade regulation: analysis and conceptual foundations
  • A. The challenges of fragmentation
  • B. Fragmentation in international law
  • C. Fragmentation in WTO dispute settlement
  • I. WTO law coordination
  • II. The role of bilateral and regional agreements
  • III. Decisions by regional international tribunals and res judicata
  • IV. Some tentative concluding remarks
  • D. Conceptual responses to fragmentation
  • I. The hermeneutical approach: systemic legal reasoning and policy coordination
  • II. The constitutionalist approach: systemic governance order and common values
  • III. A third way: The multilayered governance approach - a pragmatic synthesis
  • IV. The fundamental critique: missing societal foundations in international relations
  • E. Insights from legal theory
  • I. The nature and role of law
  • II. The benchmark of effective, efficient and legitimate legal systems
  • III. Coherence as an instrument to enhance effectiveness, efficiency and legitimacy
  • 1. Formal consistency: the legalistic model of rules
  • 2. Substantial coherence: the constitutionalist model of principles
  • F. Promoting coherence through multilayered constitutionalism
  • Bibliography
  • Part I: Constitutional issues in international trade regulation.
  • 1 The constitutionalisation of international trade law
  • A. Introduction
  • B. Key concepts and methdodological problems
  • C. How far has the WTO been constitutionalised to date?
  • I. Constitutional principles constraining Members
  • II. Democracy
  • III. Rule of law: constitutional principles constraining the WTO
  • IV. (Judicial) constitutionalisation of and through WTO dispute settlement
  • D. The WTO: private or public interest?
  • I. The communal approach to public interest
  • 1. Public interest and private interest
  • 2. A communal interpretation of Article XX GATT
  • II. The sovereigntist approach to public interest
  • 1. `Public interest' in limitation clauses and general exception clauses
  • 2. A sovereigntist interpretation of Article XXI GATT: a self-judging obligation
  • III. The constitutionalist approach to public interest
  • 1. International adjudication on sovereigntist clauses
  • 2. A constitutionalist interpretation of exception clauses: accepting national `collective preferences'
  • IV. Preliminary outlook
  • E. Policy recommendations
  • I. Constitutional substance
  • II. Access of private actors to WTO dispute settlement and to domestic courts
  • III. A multilevel judiciary
  • IV. Political and legal accountability
  • V. Law- and decision-making
  • Bibliography
  • 2 Reflections on modes of decision-making in the World Trade Organization
  • A. Introduction
  • B. Conceptualising a political system: legitimacy and accountability
  • C. Decision-making in the WTO from a political science perspective
  • I. Governance elements: member-driven, consensual and single-package oriented
  • II. The WTO Secretariat in international negotiations
  • D. Decision-making from a legal perspective
  • I. Material perspective
  • 1. Distinctions in international institutional law
  • 2. Distinctions in the WTO Agreement.
  • 3. Distinctions elaborated by Swiss constitutional theory
  • 4. Further criteria in the legal and political science literature
  • II. Formal perspective
  • III. Designing flexible, non-consensual decision rules
  • E. The vertical dimension of decision-making: The role of corporations
  • I. Demand for trade policy: the missing exporters' coalitions and the changing nature of import-competing group lobbying
  • II. Constructing an analytical framework for corporate trade policy interests
  • III. Comparing textile industries' interest aggregation
  • F. Decision-making across competing authorities
  • I. The WTOs judicial interactions across intergovernmental organisations
  • 1. Linkage through deference
  • 2. Linkage through incorporation of other international arrangements
  • 3. Presumptive exceptions and the adjudication of competing values
  • II. Various logics of horizontal interaction
  • G. Conclusions
  • Bibliography
  • 3 Regionalism: moving from fragmentation towards coherence
  • A. Introduction
  • B. The reality of RTAs
  • I. Post-war waves of regionalism
  • 1. The first wave of regionalism
  • 2. The second wave of regionalism
  • 3. The third wave of regionalism
  • II. Regionalism and multilateralism
  • III. A snapshot of today's regionalism
  • IV. Regionalism in the regions
  • 1. Complexity multipliers
  • V. Spaghetti bowl in services and non-tariff barriers
  • C. RTAs and the multilateral trading system
  • I. What is wrong with regionalism?
  • 1. The threat of pervasive regionalism
  • 2. The threat to norms
  • 3. Regionalism as Plan B
  • II. A return to the Great Powers world?
  • D. Towards coherence
  • I. WTO-led ideas enhancing coherence
  • 1. WTO soft-law disciplines on RTAs
  • 1. Negotiate voluntary best-practice guidelines for RTA disciplines for new RTAs and for modifications of existing RTAs.
  • 2. More ambitiously, negotiate a level of RTA discipline that was in between that of Article XXIV and the Enabling Clause.
  • 2. New sectoral free trade agreements
  • II. RTA-led ideas
  • 1. Plurilateralise rules of origin and cumulation
  • 2. `Anti-spaghetti' clauses in RTAs
  • 3. Development friendly ROOs and cumulation
  • 4. Development-friendly cumulation
  • 5. Switching to an -eitheror approach' to rules of origin
  • E. Conclusion
  • Part II: Reforming specific areas of trade regulation
  • 4 Reframing sustainable agriculture
  • A. Introduction
  • B. What is sustainable agriculture?
  • I. Doha Round problems with sustainable agriculture
  • II. The evolving debate on sustainable agriculture, trade liberalisation and food security
  • C. Empirical research on attitudes towards sustainable agriculture
  • I. Stakeholder surveys in Switzerland, New Zealand, Turkey and China
  • I. Stakeholder perception surveys in Switzerland and New Zealand
  • 1. Agricultural policies in New Zealand and Switzerland
  • 2. Survey results and interpretation
  • II. Stakeholder perception surveys in Turkey and China
  • 1. Agricultural policies in Turkey and China
  • 2. Survey Results and Interpretation
  • D. The political economy of sustainable agriculture
  • I. The basic policy insights from comparing the four cases
  • 1. Switzerland and New Zealand
  • 2. Turkey and China
  • II. Policy space and WTO disciplines
  • E. The development dimension
  • I. WTO Disciplines
  • 1. Present rules
  • 2. Doha
  • 3. Impact
  • II. Impact of Swiss trade and agricultural policies on developing countries
  • 1. Trade impact assessments
  • 2. Free access for all products of least developed countries?
  • III. Food security and trade
  • IV. The potential of geographical indications for rural development
  • V. Mobilising science and technology to ensure endogenous growth and food security.
  • 1. Facilitating entrepreneurship and technological innovation in agriculture
  • 2. Best practices
  • 3. The role of public-private partnerships
  • F. Concluding remarks
  • References
  • 5 Energy in WTO law and policy
  • A. Introduction
  • B. The current status of energy in WTO law (oil, gas, coal and electricity)
  • I. Oil, gas and coal
  • II. Electricity
  • III. WTO and other instruments of international energy law
  • 1. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/International Energy Agency (IEA)
  • 2. Energy Charter Treaty
  • 3. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
  • 4. Multilateral environmental agreements
  • 5. Regional level: European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
  • IV. Role of government procurement
  • V. Unresolved and controversial issues
  • C. Agenda for reform
  • I. Towards a WTO Framework Agreement on Energy
  • II. The basic classification of energy and energy services
  • 1. Trade in energy services
  • 2. Reform of classification of energy services
  • III. Energy and the rules on subsidies
  • 1. Renewable energy and the WTO law of subsidies
  • 2. Emissions trading and subsidies: the experience of the European Union
  • IV. Energy production controls and export restrictions (OPEC)
  • 1. Production controls versus export restrictions
  • 2. Restrictions made effective through state-trading operations
  • 3. Available exceptions
  • 4. Lack of competition rules in WTO
  • 5. Conclusion
  • V. Energy and government procurement as a climate change mitigation policy tool
  • 1. Green public procurement (GPP) in the context of the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC and the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA): the need for regulatory coherence
  • 2. GPP and the trade concerns
  • 3. GPP and the environmental exceptions
  • D. Overall conclusions
  • Bibliography.
  • 6 Developing trade rules for services: a case of fragmented coherence?.

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