Modern Biotechnology : Connecting Innovations in Microbiology and Biochemistry to Engineering Fundamentals.

Modern Biotechnology : Connecting Innovations in Microbiology and Biochemistry to Engineering Fundamentals.

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Biotechnology introduces students in science, engineering, or technology to the basics of genetic engineering, recombinant organisms, wild-type fermentations, metabolic engineering and microorganisms for the production of small molecule bioproducts. The text includes a brief historical perspective a...

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Bibliographic Details
Author / Creator: Mosier, Nathan S.
Other Authors / Creators:Ladisch, Michael R.
Format: eBook Electronic
Language:English
Edition:1st ed.
Imprint: Hoboken : American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2009.
Subjects:
Biotechnology.
Chemical engineering.
Electronic books.
Local Note:Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2022. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • 1. Biotechnology
  • Introduction
  • The Directed Manipulation of Genes Distinguishes the New Biotechnology From Prior Biotechnology
  • Growth of The New Biotechnology Industry Depends on Venture Capital
  • Submerged Fermentations Are the Industry's Bioprocessing Cornerstone
  • Oil Prices Affect Parts Of the Fermentation Industry
  • Growth of the Antibiotic/Pharmaceutical Industry
  • The Existence of Antibiotics Was Recognized in 1877
  • Penicillin Was The First Antibiotic Suitable for Human Systemic Use
  • Genesis of the Antibiotic Industry
  • Other Antibiotics Were Quickly Discovered After the Introduction of Penicillin
  • Discovery and Scale-up Are Synergistic in the Development of Pharmaceutical Products
  • The Success of the Pharmaceutical Industry In Research, Development and Engineering Contributed to Rapid Growth but Also Resulted in Challenges
  • Growth of the Amino Acid/Acidulant Fermentation Industry
  • Production of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG via Fermentation
  • The Impact of Glutamic Acid Bacteria on Monosodium Glutamate Cost Was Dramatic
  • Auxotrophic and Regulatory Mutants Enabled Production of Other Amino Acids
  • Prices and Volumes Are Inversely Related
  • Biochemical Engineers Have a Key Function in All Aspects of the Development Process for Microbial Fermentation
  • Bibliography
  • Homework Problems
  • 2. New Biotechnology
  • Introduction
  • Growth of The Biopharmaceutical Industry
  • The Biopharmaceutical Industry Is in the Early Part of Its Life Cycle
  • Discovery of Type II Restriction Endonucleases Opened A New Era in Biotechnology
  • The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR Is An Enzyme Mediated, In vitro Amplification of DNA
  • Impacts of the New Biotechnology on Biopharmaceuticals, Genomics, Plant Biotechnology and Bioproducts
  • Biotechnology Developments Have Accelerated Biological Research
  • Drug Discovery Has Benefited From Biotechnology Research Tools
  • The Fusing of Mouse Spleen Cells with T-Cells Facilitated Production of Antibodies
  • Regulatory Issues Add to The Time Required to Bringing a New Product to Market
  • New Biotechnology Methods Enable Rapid Identification Of Genes and Their Protein Products
  • Genomics Is the Scientific Discipline of Mapping, Sequencing, and Analyzing Genomes
  • Products From the New Plant Biotechnology Are Changing The Structure of Large Companies That Sell Agricultural Chemicals
  • Bioproducts from Genetically Engineered Microorganisms Will Become Economically Important to the Fermentation Industry
  • Bibliography
  • Homework Problems
  • 3. Bioproducts and Biofuels
  • Introduction
  • Biocatalysis and the Growth of Industrial Enzymes
  • Glucose Isomerase Catalyzed the Birth of A New Process For Sugar Production From Corn
  • Identification of a Thermally Stable Glucose Isomerase and An Inexpensive Inducer Was Needed For An Industrial Process
  • The Demand for High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS Resulted in Large Scale Use of Immobilized Enzymes and Liquid Chromatography
  • Rapid Growth of HFCS Market Share Was Enabled by Large Scale Liquid Chromatography and Propelled by Record High Sugar Prices
  • Biocatalysts Are Used in Fine Chemical Manufacture
  • Growth of Renewable Resources As A Source of Specialty Products and Industrial Chemicals
  • A Wide Range of Technologies Are Needed to Reduce Costs For Converting Cellulosic Substrates to Value-Added Bioproducts
  • Renewable Resources Are A Source of Natural Plant Chemicals
  • Bioseparations Are Important To the Extraction, Recovery, and Purification of Plant Derived Products
  • Bioprocess Engineering and Economics
  • Bioseparations and Bioprocess Engineering
  • Bibliography
  • Homework Problems
  • 4. Microbial Fermentations
  • Introduction
  • Fermentations Are Carried Out In Flasks, Glass Vessels, and Specially Designed Stainless Steel Tanks
  • Microbial Cells Are Either Prokaryotes or Eucaryotes
  • Classification of Microorganisms are Based on Kingdoms
  • Prokaryotes are Important Industrial Microorganisms
  • Eukaryotes Are Used Industrially to Produce Ethanol Antibiotics, and Biotherapeutic Proteins
  • Wild Type Organisms Find Broad Industrial Use
  • Microbial Culture Requires That Energy and All Components Needed for Cell Growth Be Provided
  • Media Components and Their Function (Complex and Defined Media)
  • Carbon Sources Provide Energy, and Sometimes Provide Oxygen
  • Complex Media Have a Known Basic Composition but a Chemical Composition That is Not Completely Defined
  • Industrial Fermentation Broths May Have a High Initial Carbon (Sugar Content (Ethanol Fermentation Example)
  • The Accumulation of Fermentation Products Is Proportional to Cell Mass In The Bioreactor
  • A Microbial Fermentation is Characterized by Distinct Phases of Growth
  • Expressions for Cell Growth Rate are Based on Doubling Time
  • Products of Microbial Culture Are Classified In Relation To Their Energy Metabolism (Type I, II and III Fermentations)
  • Product Yields Are Calculated From the Stoichiometry of Biological Reactions (Yield Coefficients)
  • The Embden-Meyerhof Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycles Are Regulated By The Relative Balance of ATP, ADP and AMP In The Cell
  • Bibliography
  • Homework Problems
  • 5. Modeling and Simulation
  • Introduction
  • Simpson's Rule
  • Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta Method
  • Runge-Kutta Technique Requires that Higher Order Equations be reduced to 1st Order ODEs to Obtain Their Solution
  • Systems of First Order ODE's Are Represented in Vector Form
  • Kinetics of Cell Growth
  • Ks Represents Substrate Concentration at Which the Specific Growth Rate is Half of its Maximum
  • Simulation of a Batch Ethanol Fermentation
  • Ethanol Case Study
  • Luedeking-Piret Model
  • Continuous Stirred Tank Bioreactor
  • Batch Fermentor vs. Chemostat
  • Bibliography
  • Homework Problems
  • 6. Aerobic Bioreactors
  • Introduction
  • Fermentation of Xylose to 2,3 Butanediol by Klebsiella oxytoca is Aerated but Oxygen Limited
  • Phase I. Oxygen sufficient growth occurs early in the fermentation
  • Phase II. A transition to oxygen limitation occurs at low cell concentration (1 g/L)
  • Phase III. Butanediol is produced under oxygen limiting conditions
  • Oxygen Transfer from Air Bubble to Liquid is Controlled by Liquid-side Mass Transfer
  • Bibliography
  • Homework Problems
  • Appendix for Chapter 6
  • Excel Program for Integration of Simultaneous Differential Equations
  • 7. Enzymes
  • Introduction
  • Enzymes and Systems Biology
  • Industrial Enzymes
  • Enzymes: In vivo and In vitro
  • Fundamental Properties of Enzymes
  • Classification of Enzymes
  • Industrial Enzymes
  • Assaying Enzyme Activity
  • Enzyme Assays
  • Batch Reactions
  • Thermal Enzyme Deactivation
  • Bibliography
  • Homework Problems
  • 8. Enzyme Kinetics
  • Introduction
  • Initial Rate vs. Integrated Rate Equations
  • Obtaining Constants from Initial Rate Data Is An Iterative Process
  • Batch Enzyme Reactions: Irreversible Product Formation (No Inhibition)
  • Rapid Equilibrium Approach Enables Rapid Formulation of an Enzyme Kinetic Equation
  • The Pseudo-steady-state Method Requires More Effort to Obtain the Hart Equation but is Necessary for Reversible Reactions
  • Irreversible Product Formation in the Presence of Inhibitors and Activators
  • Inhibition
  • Competitive Inhibition
  • Uncompetitive Inhibition
  • (Classical Non-competitive Inhibition
  • Substrate Inhibition
  • Example of Reversible Reactions
  • Coenzymes and Co-factors Interact in a Reversible Manner
  • King-Altman Method
  • Immobilized Enzyme
  • Bibliography
  • Homework Problems
  • 9. Metabolism
  • Introduction
  • Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism
  • Glycolysis is the Oxidation of Glucose in the Absence of Oxygen
  • Oxidation Is Catalyzed by Oxidases In the Presence of O2, and by Dehydrogenases in the Absence of O2
  • A Membrane Bioreactor Couples Reduction and Oxidation Reactions (R-mandelic Acid Example)
  • Three Stages of Catabolism Generate Energy, Intermediate Molecules and Waste Products
  • The Glycolysis Pathway Utilizes Glucose Both In the Presence (Aerobic and Absence of O2 (Anaerobic to Produce Pyruvate
  • Glycolysis Is Initiated By the Transfer of a High Energy Phosphate Group to Glucose
  • Products of Anaerobic Metabolism Are Secreted or Processed by Cells to Allow Continuous Metabolism of Glucose by Glycolysis
  • Other Metabolic Pathways That Utilize Glucose Under Anaerobic Conditions (Pentose Phosphate, Entner-Doudoroff, and Hexose Monophosphate Shunt Pathways)
  • Knowledge of Anaerobic Metabolism Enables Calculation of Theoretical Yields of Products Derived From Glucose
  • Economics Favors the Glycolytic Pathway for Obtaining Oxygenated Chemicals from Renewable Resources
  • Citric Acid Cycle and Aerobic Metabolism
  • Respiration Is The Aerobic Oxidation of Glucose And Other Carbon-Food-Sources (Citric Acid Cycle)
  • The Availability of Oxygen, Under Aerobic Conditions, Enables Microorganisms to Utilize Pyruvate Via the Citric Acid Cycle
  • The Citric Acid Cycle Generates Precursors for Biosynthesis of Amino Acids and Commercially Important Fermentation Products
  • Glucose Is Transformed to Commercially Valuable Products Via Fermentation Processes: A Summary
  • Essential Amino Acids Not Synthesized By Microorganisms Must Be Provided As Nutrients (Auxotrophs)
  • The Utilization of Fats in Animals Occurs By a Different Mechanism than the TCA Cycle
  • Some Bacteria and Molds Can Grow on Hydrocarbons or Methanol in Aerated Fermentations (Single Cell Protein Case Study)
  • Extremophiles: Microorganisms That Do Not Require Glucose, Utilize H2, and Grow At 80 to 100°C and 200 Atmospheres Have Industrial Uses
  • The Terminology For Microbial Culture Is Inexact: Fermentation Refers to Both Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions While Respiration Can Denote Anaerobic Metabolism
  • Metabolism and Biological Energetics
  • Bibliography
  • Homework Problems
  • 10. Biological Energetics
  • Introduction
  • Redox Potential and Gibbs Free Energy in Biochemical Reactions
  • Heat: Byproduct of Metabolism
  • Bibliography
  • Homework Problems
  • 11. Metabolic Pathways
  • Introduction
  • Living Organisms Control Metabolic Pathways at Strategic and Operational Levels
  • Auxotrophs Are Nutritionally Deficient Microorganisms That Enhance Product Yields In Controlled Fermentations (Relief of Feedback Inhibition and Depression)
  • Both Branched and Unbranched Pathways Cause Feedback Inhibition and Repression (Purine Nucleotide Example)
  • The Accumulation of An End Metabolite of A Branched Pathway Requires A Different Strategy Than Accumulation of An Intermediate Metabolite
  • Amino Acids
  • The Formulation of Animal Feed Rations With Exogeneous Amino Acids Is A Major Market For Amino Acids
  • Microbial Strain Discovery, Mutation, Screening and Development Facilitated Introduction of Industrial, Aerated Fermentations for Amino Acid Production by C. glutamicum
  • Overproduction of Glutamate by C. Glutamicum Depends on An Increase in Bacterial Membrane Permeability (Biotin Deficient Mutant)
  • A Threonine and Methionine Auxotroph of C. glutamicum Avoids Concerted Feedback Inhibition and Enables Industrial Lysine Fermentations
  • Cell (Protoplast Fusion Is A Method for Breeding Amino Acid Producers That Incorporate Superior Characteristics of Each Parent (Lysine Fermentation)
  • Amino Acid Fermentations Represent Mature Technologies
  • Antibiotics
  • Secondary Metabolites Formed During Idiophase Are Subject to Catabolite Repression and Feedback Regulation (Penicillin and Streptomycin)
  • The Production of Antibiotics Was Viewed as a Mature Field Until Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Began to Appear
  • Bacteria Retain Antibiotic Resistance Even When Use of the Antibiotic Has Been Stopped For Thousands of Generations
  • Antibiotic Resistance Involves Many Genes (Vancomycin Example)
  • Bibliography
  • Homework Problems
  • 12. Genetic Engineering: DNA, RNA, and Genes
  • Introduction
  • DNA
  • DNA Is A Double Stranded Polymer of the Nucleotides: Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine
  • The Information Contained in DNA Is Huge
  • Genes Are Nucleotide Sequences That Contain the Information Required for the Cell to Make Proteins
  • Transcription Is A Process Whereby Specific Regions of the DNA (Genes Serve As A Template to Synthesize Another Nucleotide, Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
  • Chromosomal DNA In A Prokaryote (Bacterium Is Anchored to The Cell's Membrane While Plasmids are in the Cytoplasm
  • Chromosomal DNA In A Eukaryote (Yeast, Animal or Plant Cells Is Contained In The Nucleus
  • Microorganisms Carry Genes In Plasmids Consisting of Shorter Lengths of Circular, Extrachromosomal DNA
  • Restriction Enzymes Enable Directed In Vitro Cleavage of DNA
  • Different Type II Restriction Enzymes Give Different Patterns of Cleavage And Different Single Stranded Terminal Sequences
  • DNA Ligase Covalently Joins The Ends of DNA Fragments
  • DNA Fragments and Genes of Up To 150 Nucleotides Can Be Chemically Synthesized If The Nucleotide Sequence Has Been Previously Determined
  • Protein Sequences Can Be Deduced And Genes Synthesized Based On Complementary DNA Obtained From Messenger RNA
  • Selectable Markers Are Genes That Facilitate Identification of Transformed Cells That Contain Recombinant DNA
  • A Second Protein Fused to The Protein Product Is Needed To Protect The Product From Proteolysis (ß-Gal-Somatostatin Fusion Protein Example)
  • Recovery of Protein Product From Fusion Protein Requires Correct Selection of Amino Acid That Links The Two Proteins (Met Linker)
  • Chemical Modification and Enzyme Hydrolysis Recovers An Active Molecule Containing Met Residues From A Fusion Protein (ß-endorphin Example)
  • Metabolic Engineering Differs From Genetic Engineering By the Nature of The End Product
  • Bibliography
  • Homework Problems
  • 13. Metabolic Engineering
  • Introduction
  • Building Blocks
  • L-Threonine Overproducing Strains of E. coli K-12
  • Genetically Altered Brevibacterium lactoferrin Has Yielded Improved Amino Acid Producing Strains
  • Metabolic Engineering May Catalyze Development of New Processes for Manufacture of Oxygenated Chemicals
  • Gene Chips Enable Examination of Glycolytic and Citric Acid Cycle Pathways in Yeast At a Genomic Level (Yeast Genome Microarray Case Study)
  • The Fermentation of Pentoses to Ethanol Is A Goal of Metabolic Engineering (Recombinant Bacteria and Yeast Examples)
  • Metabolic Engineering For a 1,3 Propanediol Producing Organism to Obtain Monomer for Polyester Manufacture
  • Redirection of Cellular Metabolism to Overproduce An Enzyme Catalyst Results In An Industrial Process For Acrylamide Production (Yamada-Nitto Process)
  • Bibliography
  • Homework Problems
  • 14. Genomes and Genomics
  • Introduction
  • Human Genome Project
  • Deriving Commercial Potential From Information Contained in Genomes
  • The Genome for E. coli Consists of 4288 Genes That Code for Proteins
  • DNA Sequencing is Based on Electrophoretic Separations of Defined DNA Fragments
  • Sequence Tagged Sites (STSs Determined From Complimentary DNA (cDNA Give Locations of Genes
  • Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs Are Stable Mutations Distributed Throughout the Genome That Locate Genes More Efficiently Than STSs
  • Gene Chip Probe Array
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
  • The Polymerase Chain Reaction Enables DNA to be Copied In Vitro
  • Thermally Tolerant DNA Polymerase From Thermus aquaticus Facilitated Automation of PCR
  • Only the 5' Terminal Primer Sequence Is Needed To Amplify the DNA By PCR
  • The Sensitivity of PCR Can Be A Source of Significant Experimental Error
  • Applications of PCR Range From Obtaining Fragments of Human DNA For Sequencing To Detecting Genes Associated With Diseases
  • Conclusions
  • Bibliography
  • Homework Problems

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