Thermal Plasma Torches : Design, Characteristics, Application.

Thermal Plasma Torches : Design, Characteristics, Application.

The results of experimental research of plasma torches are described. A simple classification of linear plasma torches is proposed. Engineering methods of processing experimental data are outlined together with the electrical and thermal characteristics of plasma torches of different design in crite...

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Bibliographic Details
Author / Creator: Zhukov, M.F.
Other Authors / Creators:Zasypkin, I.M.
Format: eBook Electronic
Language:English
Imprint: Cambridge : Cambridge International Science Publishing, 2006.
Subjects:
Local transit > Ontario > Greater Toronto Area > Finance.
Local transit > Ontario > Hamilton > Finance.
Urban transportation > Ontario > Greater Toronto Area > Finance.
Urban transportation > Ontario > Hamilton > Finance.
Electronic books.
Local Note:Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2022. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • 1. Brief description of thermal plasma and electric heating of gas
  • 1.1. FORMATION OF THE ELECTRIC ARC AND THE PROPERTIES OF ARC PLASMA
  • 1.2. ELECTRIC ARC GAS HEATERS - PLASMA TORCHES
  • 2. Electrophysical and aerodynamic processes in a plasma torch
  • 2.1. SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE FLOW OF COLD GAS IN A LONG CYLINDRICAL CHANNEL
  • 2.2. SPECIAL FEATURES OF BURNING OF THE ELECTRIC ARC IN A LONG CYLINDRICAL CHANNEL
  • 2.3. SPEED AND PULSATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ARC ELEMENTS
  • 2.4. TOMOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ELECTRIC ARC
  • 2.4.1. Brief review
  • 2.4.2. Experimental investigations of a non-stationary electric arch plasma
  • 2.5. SHUNTING
  • 2.5.1. Qualitative pattern
  • 2.5.2. Some qualitative results of examination of the shunting process
  • 2.6. PULSATIONS OF THE 'RADIAL' SECTION OF THE ARC IN THE OUTPUT ELECTRODE OF AN AXIAL PLASMA TORCH
  • 2.7. SELF-OSCILLATIONS OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE ELECTRIC ARC
  • 2.8. AERODYNAMICS OF THE INTERNAL ELECTRODE
  • 2.9. AERODYNAMICS OF THE CYLINDRICAL OUTPUT ELECTRODE WITH SUDDEN EXPANSION
  • 3. Mathematical methods of investigating arc discharges
  • 3.1. MAIN EQUATIONS OF ELECTRIC ARC PLASMA
  • 3.1.1. The system of MGD equations
  • 3.2. ANALYTICAL MODELS OF ARC DISCHARGE
  • 3.2.1. The distribution of temperature in cylindrical arcs
  • 3.2.2. The dynamics of the long arc in external fields
  • 3.3. EFFECT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES ON THE FORMATION OF PLASMA FLOWS IN ARCS
  • 3.3.2. Numerical analysis on the basis of a system of MGD equations
  • 3.4. NONEQUILIBRIUM PROCESSES IN ARC DISCHARGE PLASMA
  • 3.5. THE ARC IN THE TURBULENT FLOW
  • 3.5.1. Turbulence model
  • 4. Modelling of processes in electric arc plasma torches
  • 4.1. CONCEPT OF MODELLING OF PROCESSES
  • 4.2. METHODS FOR DETERMINING SIMILARITY CRITERIA
  • 4.3. SIMILARITY CRITERIA OF ELECTRIC ARC PROCESSES.
  • 4.4. PHYSICAL MEANING OF SIMILARITY CRITERIA
  • 4.5. METHOD FOR GENERALISING EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
  • 5. Energy characteristics of the arc in different gases
  • 5.1. GENERALISED VOLT-AMPERE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARC IN DIFFERENT GASES
  • 5.2. ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARC IN PLASMA TORCHES WITH INTER-ELECTRODE INSERTS
  • 5.2.1. Distribution of the strength of the electrical field of the arc in a long cylindrical channel
  • 5.2.2. Dependence of the strength of the electrical field of the arc on the determining parameters in the initial and transition sections of the channel
  • 5.2.3. Variation of arcing voltage by the gas-dynamic effect
  • 5.2.4. Dependence of the strength of the electrical field of the arc on the determining parameters in the section of the developed turbulent flow of the gas
  • 5.3. THE ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARC IN A POROUS CHANNEL
  • 5.4. STRENGTH OF THE ELECTRICAL FIELD OF THE ARC IN HYDROGEN AND HYDROGEN-CONTAINING MEDIA
  • 5.4.1. The length of the characteristic sections of gas flow in a channel
  • 5.4.2. Strength of the electrical field of the hydrogen arc in the initial section of the channel
  • 5.4.3. Strength of the electrical field of the arc in a developed turbulent hydrogen flow
  • 5.4.4. Electrical arc in a mixture of gases
  • 6. Heat exchange in the electric arc chamber of a linear plasma torch
  • 6.1. INTEGRAL THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASMA TORCHES WITH THE SELF-SETTING AND FIXED (USING A LEDGE) ARC LENGTH
  • 6.2. HEAT LOSSES IN THE DISCHARGE CHAMBER OF THE PLASMA TORCH WITH THE INTER-ELECTRODE INSERT
  • 6.2.1. Heat losses in the plasma torch with gas vortex stabilisation of the arc
  • 6.2.2. The characteristics of the arc in the axial gas flow
  • 6.3. HEAT EXCHANGE OF THE ELECTRICAL ARC IN THE TURBULENT GAS FLOW WITH THE WALLS OF THE DISCHARGE CHAMBER.
  • 6.3.1. Heat exchange in the initial section of the channel
  • 6.3.2. Heat exchange in the section of the developed turbulent flow of gas
  • 6.3.3. The efficiency of gas screen of the wall of the discharge chamber
  • 6.3.4. Distribution of current and heat exchange in the output electrode of the plasma torch with an inter-electrode insert
  • 6.3.5. Thermal efficiency of the plasma torch with the inter-electrode insert
  • 6.4. ELECTRIC ARC GENERATOR OF LOW TEMPERATURE PLASMA WITH A GAS VORTEX INTER-ELECTRODE INSERT
  • 6.5. HEAT EXCHANGE IN THE COMBINED AND PERMEABLE CHANNEL WITH INTENSIVE GAS BLOWING
  • 6.6. HEAT EXCHANGE OF THE HYDROGEN ARC WITH THE WALLS OF THE ELECTRIC DISCHARGE CHAMBER
  • 6.6.3. The heat flow into the output electrode - anode
  • 6.7. GENERALISED THERMAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE STEAM-VORTEX PLASMA TORCH
  • 7. Direct current linear plasma torches
  • 7.1. CLASSIFICATION OF LINEAR PLASMA TORCHES
  • 7.2. PLASMA TORCHES WITH THE SELF-SETTING ARC LENGTH
  • 7.2.1. Single-chamber plasma torches
  • 7.2.2. The two-chamber plasma torch
  • 7.2.3. The two-chamber plasma torch with an extended arc
  • 7.3. PLASMA TORCH WITH THE MEAN ARC LENGTH FIXED WITH A LEDGE
  • 7.4. PLASMA TORCHES WITH THE MEAN ARC LENGTH FIXED BY THE INTER-ELECTRODE INSERT
  • 7.4.1. Plasma torches for heating hydrogen and water-containing media
  • 7.4.2. The unified plasma torch (PUN-3) for spraying
  • 7.5. PLASMA TORCHES WITH A SPLIT ARC
  • 7.5.1. Plasma torch with longitudinal splitting of the arc in the output electrode
  • 7.5.2. Plasma torch with a divided radial section of the arc
  • 7.5.3. Plasma torch with a split input cathode section of the arc
  • 7.5.4. A plasma torch with diffusion attachment of the cathode section of the arc to the surface of a tubular electrode
  • 7.5.5. Multi-arc cathode without ballast resistances in the electrical circuit.
  • 8. Two-jet plasma torches
  • 8.1. THE TWO-JET PLASMA TORCH WITH STATIONARY ARC SPOTS
  • 8.1.1. The scheme of the plasma torch and its electrical power supply
  • 8.1.2. The anode and cathode sections
  • 8.1.3. Service life characteristics of electrodes
  • 8.1.4. Thermal and electrical characteristics
  • 8.1.5. The temperature field of the plasma flow
  • 8.1.6. The electrical structure of the plasma flow
  • 8.1.7. Interaction between current-conducting plasma jets
  • 8.2. THE TWO-JET PLASMA TORCH WITH A SCANNING ARC AND STATIONARY ARC SPOTS
  • 8.2.1. Electrical characteristics
  • 8.2.2. Interaction of the electrical arc with the surface of the solid
  • 8.3. TWO-JET PLASMA TORCH WITH TUBULAR ELECTRODES
  • 8.3.1. Design of the plasma torch and electrical circuit
  • 8.3.2. The plasma torch characteristics
  • 9. Alternating current plasma torches using industrial frequency
  • 9.1. SINGLE-PHASE AC PLASMA TORCH
  • 9.1.1. Special features of powering the alternating current arc
  • 9.1.2. Combined burning of high current and high-frequency arcs
  • 9.1.3. Volt-ampere characteristics of the AC arc, burning in a phase laminar vortex plasma torch
  • 9.2. THREE-PHASE PLASMA TORCHES OF THE ZVEZDA TYPE
  • 9.2.1. The scheme of the plasma torch and operating principle
  • 9.2.2. Volt-ampere and thermal characteristics of the arc
  • 9.2.3. Generalised working characteristics of plasma torches
  • 9.3. THREE-PHASE PLASMA TORCHES WITH THE TRIANGLE-TYPE CONNECTION
  • 9.3.1. Plasma torches with rod electrodes
  • 9.3.2. AC plasma torches with rail tubular electrodes
  • 9.3.3. Main physical processes in discharge chambers of highpower three-phase plasma generators
  • 9.3.4. Near-electrode processes
  • 9.4. High-voltage multi-electrode plasma torch
  • 10. Near-electrode processes and methods of reducing electrode erosion
  • 10.1. Heat flows into the electrodes through arc spots.
  • 10.2. The form of the eroded surface of a rod thermal cathode with a stationary arc spot
  • 10.3. Specific erosion of tungsten thermal cathodes
  • 10.4. Specific erosion of thermal chemical cathodes
  • 10.5. Structure of the internal surface of the cylindrical hollow tungsten cathode
  • 10.6. Special features of the structure of the working surface of rod tungsten under the effect of the reference spot of the arc.
  • 10.7. Review of studies of self-restoring cathodes
  • 10.8. The rate of increase of the mass of the cathode in a carbon containing medium
  • 10.9. Erosion of copper cold tubular electrodes
  • 10.9.1. Dependence of specific electrode erosion on current
  • 10.9.2. Effect of the speed of travel of the radial section of the arc and of its axial scanning on specific erosion
  • 10.9.3. Effect of axial magnetic induction on the erosion rate
  • 10.9.4. Aeromagnetic axial scanning of the radial section of the arc in the internal tubular electrode-cathode
  • 10.9.5. Effect of surface temperature of the copper electrode on specific erosion
  • 10.9.6. Magnetic control of the behaviour of the radial section of the arc in the plasma torch
  • 10.9.7. Role of oxygen in reducing the operating life of the electrode
  • 10.9.8. Integral characteristic of specific erosion of the output copper tubular anode
  • 10.9.9. Fields of temperature and thermal stresses in the electrode of the plasma torch
  • 10.9.10. Structure of the material of the subsurface layer of a tubular electrode
  • 10.9.11. Methods of reducing the erosion rate of copper tubular electrodes
  • Plasma reactors
  • 11.1. MULTIJET REACTORS
  • 11.1.1. Kinematic scheme
  • 11.1.2. Thermal efficiency
  • 11.1.3. Pulsations of total pressure
  • 11.2. HYDRODYNAMIC AND THERMAL ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS OF A THREE-JET REACTOR
  • 11.2.1. Some apparatus schemes of high-temperature synthesis reactors.
  • 11.2.2. Reactors based on a multi-jet mixing chamber.

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