The Superalloys : Fundamentals and Applications.
Introduction to the metallurgical principles which have guided the development of the superalloys, for senior undergraduate and postgraduate students.
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| Author / Creator: | |
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| Format: | eBook Electronic |
| Language: | English |
| Imprint: | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2006. |
| Subjects: | |
| Local Note: | Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2022. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries. |
| Online Access: | Click to View |
Table of Contents:
- Cover
- Half-title
- Title
- Copyright
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Background: materials for high-temperature applications
- 1.1.1 Characteristics of high-temperature materials
- 1.1.2 The superalloys as high-temperature materials
- 1.1.3 Instances of superalloy component failures
- 1.2 The requirement: the gas turbine engine
- Example question
- 1.3 The selection of materials for high-temperature applications
- 1.3.1 Larson-Miller approach for the ranking of creep performance
- 1.3.2 Historical development of the superalloys
- 1.3.3 Nickel as a high-temperature material: justification
- 1.4 Summary
- Questions
- References
- 2 The physical metallurgy of nickel and its alloys
- 2.1 Composition-microstructure relationships in nickel alloys
- 2.1.1 The FCC phase
- 2.1.2 The gamma prime phase
- 2.1.3 Other phases in the superalloys
- A The gamma double prime phase
- B The TCP phases
- C Carbide and boride phases
- 2.2 Defects in nickel and its alloys
- 2.2.1 Defects in the gamma (FCC) phase
- A Planar defects - the stacking fault
- B Line defects - dislocations
- C Point defects - vacancies
- 2.2.2 Defects in the gamma prime phase
- A Planar defects - the anti-phase boundary
- B Line defects - dislocations
- C Point defects
- 2.3 Strengthening effects in nickel alloys
- 2.3.1 Strengthening by particles of the gamma prime phase
- A The case of weakly coupled dislocations
- B The case of strongly coupled dislocations
- 2.3.2 Temperature dependence of strengthening in the superalloys
- 2.3.3 The anomalous yielding effect in gamma prime alloys
- 2.4 The creep behaviour of nickel alloys
- 2.4.1 The creep behaviour of nickel
- 2.4.2 Creep strengthening in nickel alloys by solid-solution strengthening.
- 2.4.3 Creep strengthening in nickel alloys by precipitation hardening
- 2.5 Summary
- Appendix. The anisotropic elasticity displayed by nickel
- Questions
- References
- 3 Single-crystal superalloys for blade applications
- 3.1 Processing of turbine blading by solidification processing
- 3.1.1 The practice of investment casting: directional solidification
- 3.1.2 Analysis of heat transfer during directional solidification
- A Treatment of infinite rod - estimation of withdrawal velocity
- B Comparison of axial and transverse contributions to heat transfer
- C Effects of quenching medium - liquid metal cooling
- 3.1.3 Formation of defects during directional solidification
- Case study: The freckle defect
- 3.1.4 The influence of processing conditions on the scale of the dendritic structure
- 3.2 Optimisation of the chemistry of single-crystal superalloys
- 3.2.1 Guideline 1
- 3.2.2 Guideline 2
- 3.2.3 Guideline 3
- 3.2.4 Guideline 4
- Case study - hot corrosion
- 3.3 Mechanical behaviour of the single-crystal superalloys
- 3.3.1 Performance in creep
- A Tertiary creep regime
- B Primary creep regime
- C Rafting regime
- 3.3.2 Performance in fatigue
- A Low-cycle fatigue
- B High-cycle fatigue
- 3.4 Turbine blading: design of its size and shape
- 3.4.1 Estimation of the length of the turbine aerofoils
- Example calculation
- 3.4.2 Choice of mean radius for turbine blading
- 3.4.3 Estimation of exit angle from blade cross-section
- Example calculation
- Appendix. Growth of an isolated dendrite, using hemispherical needle approximation
- Questions
- References
- 4 Superalloys for turbine disc applications
- 4.1 Processing of the turbine disc alloys
- 4.1.1 Processing by the cast-and-wrought route
- A Vacuum arc remelting
- Case study. Melt-related 'white spot' defects
- B Electro-slag remelting.
- C Ingot-to-billet conversion: the cogging process
- D Open- and closed-die forging
- Case study. Process modelling of forging operations
- 4.1.2 Processing by the powder route
- 4.2 Composition, microstructure and properties of turbine disc alloys
- 4.2.1 Guideline 1
- 4.2.2 Guideline 2
- 4.2.3 Guideline 3
- Case study. The design of turbine disc alloys
- 4.3 Service life estimation for turbine disc applications
- 4.3.1 Stress analysis of a turbine disc of simplified geometry
- 4.3.2 Methods for lifing a turbine disc
- A The life-to-first-crack approach
- B Damage-tolerant lifing
- C The probabilistic approach to lifing
- 4.3.3 Non-destructive evaluation of turbine discs
- Questions
- References
- 5 Environmental degradation: the role of coatings
- 5.1 Processes for the deposition of coatings on the superalloys
- 5.1.1 Electron beam physical vapour deposition
- 5.1.2 Plasma spraying
- 5.1.3 Pack cementation and chemical vapour deposition methods
- 5.2 Thermal barrier coatings
- 5.2.1 Quantification of the insulating effect
- Example calculation
- 5.2.2 The choice of ceramic material for a TBC
- 5.2.3 Factors controlling the thermal conductivity of a ceramic coating
- 5.3 Overlay coatings
- 5.3.1 Oxidation behaviour of Ni-based overlay coatings
- 5.3.2 Mechanical properties of superalloys coated with overlay coatings
- 5.4 Diffusion coatings
- 5.5 Failure mechanisms in thermal barrier coating systems
- 5.5.1 Introduction
- 5.5.2 Observations of failure mechanisms in TBC systems
- 5.5.3 Lifetime estimation models
- 5.5.4 The role of imperfections near the TGO
- 5.6 Summary
- Questions
- References
- 6 Summary and future trends
- 6.1 Trends in superalloys for turbine blade applications
- 6.2 Trends in superalloys and processes for turbine disc applications
- 6.3 Concluding remarks
- References
- Index.