Forensic Chemistry Handbook.

A concise, robust introduction to the various topics covered by the discipline of forensic chemistry The Forensic Chemistry Handbook focuses on topics in each of the major chemistry-related areas of forensic science. With chapter authors that span the forensic chemistry field, this book exposes rea...

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Bibliographic Details
Author / Creator:	Kobilinsky, Lawrence.
Other Authors / Creators:	Levine, Louis.
Format:	eBook Electronic
Language:	English
Edition:	1st ed.
Imprint:	Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2011.
Subjects:	Chemistry, Forensic > Handbooks, manuals, etc. Forensic sciences > Handbooks, manuals, etc. Criminal investigation > Handbooks, manuals, etc. Electronic books.
Local Note:	Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2022. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
Online Access:	Click to View

Table of Contents:

Intro
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY HANDBOOK
CONTENTS
Preface
Contributors
1. Forensic Environmental Chemistry
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Chemical Fingerprinting
1.2.1 Hydrocarbon Mixtures
1.2.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
1.2.3 Biomarkers
1.2.4 Additives
1.2.5 Isotopes
1.2.6 Tracers
1.2.7 Methods of Detection
1.2.8 Weathering
1.3 Spatial Association of Environmental Incidents
References
2. Principles and Issues in Forensic Analysis of Explosives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sample Collection
2.3 Packaging
2.4 Sorting
2.5 Documentation
2.6 Environmental Control and Monitoring
2.7 Storage
2.8 Analysis
2.9 Records
2.10 Quality Assurance
2.11 Safety and Other Issues
Conclusion
References
3. Analysis of Fire Debris
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Evolution of Separation Techniques
3.3 Evolution of Analytical Techniques
3.4 Evolution of Standard Methods
3.5 Isolating the Residue
3.5.1 Initial Sample Evaluation
3.5.2 ILR Isolation Method Selection
3.5.3 Solvent Selection
3.5.4 Internal Standards
3.5.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Isolation Methods
3.6 Analyzing the Isolated ILR
3.6.1 Criteria for Identification
3.6.2 Improving Sensitivity
3.6.3 Estimating the Degree of Evaporation
3.6.4 Identity of Source
3.7 Reporting Procedures
3.8 Record Keeping
3.9 Quality Assurance
Conclusion
References
4. Forensic Examination of Soils
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Murder and the Pond
4.3 Oil Slicks and Sands
4.4 Medical Link
4.5 Examination Methods
4.5.1 Color
4.5.2 Particle-Size Distribution
4.5.3 Stereo Binocular Microscope
4.5.4 Petrographic Microscope
4.5.5 Refractive Index
4.5.6 Cathodoluminescence
4.5.7 Scanning Electron Microscope
4.5.8 X-Ray Diffraction
4.6 Chemical Methods.
4.6.1 FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy
4.7 Looking Ahead
References
5. Analysis of Paint Evidence
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Paint Chemistry and Color Science
5.2.1 Binders
5.2.2 Pigments
5.3 Types of Paint
5.3.1 Automotive Finish Systems
5.3.2 Architectural Coatings (Structural Paints or House Paints)
5.3.3 Other Coatings
5.4 Paint Evidence Interpretation Considerations
5.5 Analytical Methods
5.5.1 Microscopic Examinations
5.5.2 Physical Nature of the Transfer
5.5.3 Microscopy
5.5.4 Microspectrophotometry
5.5.5 Infrared Spectroscopy
5.5.6 Raman Spectroscopy
5.5.7 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
5.5.8 Elemental Analysis Methods
5.5.9 Other Methods
5.6 Examples
5.6.1 Example 1
5.6.2 Example 2
5.6.3 Example 3
References
6. Analysis Techniques Used for the Forensic Examination of Writing and Printing Inks
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Ink
6.2.1 Ink Composition
6.3 Ink Analysis
6.3.1 Physical Examinations
6.3.2 Optical Examinations
6.3.3 Chemical Examinations
6.3.4 Ink Dating
6.4 Office Machine Systems
6.4.1 Inkjet Ink
6.4.2 Inkjet Ink Analysis
6.4.3 Toner Printing
6.4.4 Toner Analysis
Conclusion
References
7. The Role of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Forensic Chemistry
7.1 Introduction to Vibrational Spectroscopy
7.2 Infrared Spectroscopy
7.3 Infrared Sampling Techniques
7.3.1 Transmission Spectroscopy
7.3.2 External Reflection Spectroscopy
7.3.3 Attenuated Total Reflectance
7.3.4 Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy
7.3.5 Infrared Microspectroscopy
7.4 Raman Spectroscopy
7.5 Raman Spectroscopic Techniques
7.5.1 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
7.5.2 Resonance Raman Scattering
7.5.3 Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy
7.5.4 Confocal Raman Spectroscopy.
7.6 Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Forensic Analysis
References
8. Forensic Serology
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Identification of Blood
8.2.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
8.2.2 Microcrystal Assays
8.2.3 Other Assays for Blood Identification
8.3 Species Identification
8.3.1 Immunochromatographic Assays
8.3.2 Ouchterlony Assay
8.3.3 Crossed-Over Immunoelectrophoresis
8.4 Identification of Semen
8.4.1 Visual Examination
8.4.2 Acid Phosphatase Assays
8.4.3 Microscopic Examination of Spermatozoa
8.4.4 Immunochromatographic Assays
8.4.5 RNA-Based Assays
8.5 Identification of Saliva
8.5.1 Visual and Microscopic Examination
8.5.2 Identification of Amylase
8.5.3 RNA-Based Assays
References
9. Forensic DNA Analysis
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Background on DNA Typing
9.1.2 DNA Structure
9.1.3 Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Organization
9.2 Methodology
9.2.1 Sample Collection and DNA Extraction
9.2.2 DNA Quantification
9.2.3 Polymerase Chain Reaction
9.2.4 Short Tandem Repeats
9.2.5 PCR of STRs
9.2.6 Separation and Sizing of STR Alleles
9.2.7 Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) Database
9.2.8 Frequency and Probability
9.3 Problems Encountered in STR Analysis
9.3.1 Low-Copy-Number DNA
9.3.2 Degraded DNA and Reduced-Size (mini) STR Primer Sets
9.3.3 PCR Inhibition
9.3.4 Interpretation of Mixtures of DNA
9.3.5 Null Alleles and Allele Dropout
9.3.6 Factors Causing Extra Peaks in Results Observed
9.3.7 Stutter Product Peaks
9.3.8 Nontemplate Addition (Incomplete Adenylation)
9.3.9 Technological Artifacts
9.3.10 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis of Autosomal DNA SNPs
9.3.11 Methods Used for SNP Analysis
9.3.12 Mitochondrial DNA Analysis
9.4 Methodology for mtDNA Analysis
9.4.1 Preparation of Samples.
9.4.2 MtDNA Sequencing Methods
9.4.3 Reference Sequences
9.4.4 Screening Assays for mtDNA
9.4.5 Interpretation of mtDNA Sequencing Results
9.4.6 Statistics: The Meaning of a Match for mtDNA
9.4.7 Heteroplasmy
9.4.8 The Future of DNA Analysis
References
10. Current and Future Uses of DNA Microarrays in Forensic Science
10.1 Introduction
10.2 What is a DNA Microarray?
10.2.1 cDNA Microarray
10.2.2 Other Types of DNA Arrays
10.2.3 The Birth of "-omics"
10.3 DNA Microarrays in Toxicogenomics
10.3.1 Sharing Information
10.3.2 Forensic Application
10.4 Detection of Microorganisms Using Microarrays
10.4.1 Historical Perspective
10.4.2 DNA Fingerprinting
10.4.3 DNA Fingerprinting by Microarrays
10.4.4 DNA Sequence-Based Detection
10.4.5 Where DNA Microarrays Come In
10.4.6 Looking Forward: Genetic Virulence Signatures
10.5 Probing Human Genomes by DNA Microarrays
10.5.1 STR Analysis
10.5.2 SNP Analysis
10.5.3 Exploring an Unknown Genome?
Conclusion
References
11. Date-Rape Drugs with Emphasis on GHB
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Action
11.2.1 Receptors and Transporters
11.2.2 Real GHB Receptors
11.3 Societal Context of Date-Rape Agents
11.3.1 Acute Effects of Date-Rape Agents on Cognition and Behavior
11.3.2 Medicinal Uses of Date-Rape Drugs
11.3.3 Self-Abuse
11.3.4 Date Rape, Death, and Regulation
11.4 Metabolism Fundamentals
11.4.1 Complexity in Unraveling Metabolism of GHB-Related Compounds
11.4.2 Isozymes in GHB-Related Metabolism
11.4.3 Subcellular Compartmentalization of Enzymes, Transporters, and Substrates
11.4.4 Dynamics and Equilibria for Enzymes and Transporters
11.4.5 Thermodynamics-Based Analysis of Metabolic Flux
11.4.6 Metabolism of Endogenous GHB Versus Ingested GHB and Prodrugs.
11.4.7 Directionality of in Vivo and in Vitro Enzymatic Activity
11.4.8 Transporters and Enzymes Mediating GHB-Related Metabolism
11.5 Biosynthesis of Endogenous GHB
11.5.1 First Step for GHB Biosynthesis in the Known Pathway
11.5.2 Second Step for GHB Biosynthesis in the known Pathway
11.5.3 Third Step for GHB Biosynthesis in the known Pathway
11.5.4 Which Step in GHB Biosynthesis is Rate Limiting?
11.5.5 Are There Other Biosynthetic Pathways to Endogenous GHB?
11.6 Absorption and Distribution of Ingested GHB
11.6.1 Gastrointestinal Tract
11.6.2 Blood
11.7 Initial Catabolism of GHB
11.7.1 Transport into Mitochondria
11.7.2 Iron-Dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenase ADHFe1
11.7.3 Poorly Characterized Catabolism of GHB
11.8 Chemistry of GHB and Related Metabolites not Requiring Enzymes
11.9 Experimental Equilibrium Constants for Redox Reactions of GHB
11.10 Estimated Equilibrium Constants for Redox Reactions of GHB in Vivo
11.11 Different Perspectives on Turnover of Endogenous GHB are Consistent
11.12 Disposition of Succinic Semialdehyde
11.13 Conversion of Prodrugs to GHB and Related Metabolites
11.13.1 g-Butyrolactone
11.13.2 1,4-Butanediol
11.14 Subcellular Compartmentalization of GHB-Related Compounds
11.15 Comparative Catabolism of Ethanol, 1,4-Butanediol, Fatty Acids, and GHB
11.16 Catabolism of MDMA, Flunitrazepam, and Ketamine
11.17 Detection of Date-Rape Drugs
11.17.1 Compounds Diagnostic for Dosing by Synthetic Date-Rape Drugs
11.17.2 Compounds Diagnostic for Dosing by GHB
11.17.3 Gold-Standard Testing
11.17.4 Many Applications for Reliable Field Tests
11.17.5 Hospital Emergency Department Example
11.17.6 Preparation of a Sample for Delayed Analysis
11.17.7 Time Window Available to Detect Dosing
11.17.8 Extending the Time Window.
11.18 Special Circumstances of GHB.

Forensic Chemistry Handbook.

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