Affirmative Action and the Law : Efficacy of National and International Approaches.

Affirmative Action and the Law : Efficacy of National and International Approaches.

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Bibliographic Details
Author / Creator: Howard, Erica.
Other Authors / Creators:Redondo, Elvira Domínguez.
Baez, Narciso Leandro Xavier.
Format: eBook Electronic
Language:English
Edition:1st ed.
Imprint: Milton : Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
Subjects:
Affirmative action programs-Law and legislation.
Electronic books.
Local Note:Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2023. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Half Title
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Table of Contents
  • List of contributors
  • Part I Typology of affirmative action measures
  • 1 Introduction
  • General background
  • Conceptual framework of affirmative action
  • The typology of affirmative action measures in state practice
  • Opposition and criticisms to affirmative action measures
  • Overview of the chapters
  • 2 Universalism or fragmentation: United Nations treaty bodies and affirmative actions in Latin-America, the United Kingdom, South Africa, China and India
  • Introduction
  • United Nations human rights bodies approach to special measures: overview
  • Treaty provisions on special measures
  • Conceptual framework
  • Special measures as a distinct category
  • Conditions and beneficiaries
  • United Nations treaty bodies approach to special measures in the United Kingdom, Latin America, South Africa, China and India
  • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
  • China and India
  • Central America
  • Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Peru
  • Brazil
  • South Africa
  • Conclusions
  • Part II Analysis of affirmative action measures
  • 3 Unravelling history and undermining law through politics: The erosion of diversity protection and emerging existential threats to India and China
  • Introduction
  • Origins and evolution of affirmative action measures in China and India
  • India
  • China
  • The rise of 'politics' over 'law'
  • China
  • India
  • Conclusions
  • 4 Effectiveness of affirmative action in the United Kingdom and South Africa
  • Introduction
  • Overview of the origin and evolution of affirmative action measures in the UK and South Africa
  • England, Scotland and Wales
  • Northern Ireland
  • South Africa
  • Comparison
  • Implementation and efficacy
  • England, Scotland and Wales
  • Northern Ireland
  • South Africa
  • Obstacles to implementation: contestation.
  • Special focus: disability
  • Conclusions: possible alternative models to reach substantive equality
  • 5 Effectiveness of affirmative action in Brazil
  • Introduction
  • Creation, implementation and efficacy of affirmative action measures in Brazil
  • Women
  • Afro-Brazilians
  • Indians
  • Disabled people
  • LGBT people
  • Obstacles to the implementation of affirmative action measures' in Brazil: financial costs and priority levels in the Federal Government budget
  • Public budget to reduce gender inequality
  • Public budget to reduce racial discrimination
  • Public budget to preserve Indians' culture and their lands' demarcation
  • Public budget to promote disabled people's social inclusion
  • Public budget for LGBT people
  • Alternative models to make affirmative action measures in Brazil more effective
  • Alternative models to reduce gender inequalities
  • Alternative models to reduce racial discrimination
  • Alternative models to preserve Indians' culture and land demarcation
  • Alternative models to promote disabled people's social inclusion
  • Alternative models to promote LGBT inclusion
  • Final considerations
  • 6 The implementation process of affirmative action in Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Peru
  • Introduction
  • The origins and evolution of affirmative action
  • Argentina
  • Chile
  • Colombia
  • Peru
  • Challenges before national courts
  • Argentina
  • Chile
  • Colombia
  • Peru
  • Design, implementation and efficacy
  • Argentina
  • Chile
  • Colombia
  • Peru
  • Special focus: cultural and/or budgetary implications
  • Argentina
  • Chile
  • Colombia
  • Peru
  • Conclusions
  • 7 Affirmative action in Central America: Influence of the international legislation and jurisprudence of the Inter-American system
  • Introduction
  • Overview of the origin and evolution of affirmative action in Central-America.
  • Analysis of affirmative action at national level
  • Guatemala
  • Belize
  • Honduras
  • El Salvador
  • Nicaragua
  • Costa Rica
  • Panama
  • Design, implementation and efficacy: relevance of the regional framework in jurisprudence and international instruments in relation to affirmative action
  • Efficacy of affirmative action in Central America
  • Obstacles to implementation
  • Special focus: budget analysis and decision-making priorities
  • Conclusions
  • Part III Case studies
  • 8 Women on corporate boards of public listed companies - a UK and EU gender diversity conundrum
  • Introduction
  • Initiatives taken to improve gender diversity
  • The European Union normative framework
  • The United Kingdom
  • Gender diversity - policy and procedural stagnation
  • The principle of subsidiarity
  • The principle of proportionality
  • Corporate theory debates
  • Positive discrimination or affirmative action
  • Implementation methodology - 'comply or explain' model
  • Conclusions - remedying gender homogeneity
  • 9 Persons with disabilities and access to higher education in Brazil
  • Introduction
  • Education as a fundamental right and duty in the Brazilian constitutional architecture
  • General aspects
  • The specific problem of a fundamental right of access to higher education in Brazil
  • Persons with disabilities and access to higher education in Brazil
  • The social model as a premise and key point for the understanding and solution of the problem - the role of the FC and the PDA
  • Persons with disabilities and the affirmative action policies ensuring access to education in Brazil - some general remarks
  • Affirmative actions and access of persons with disabilities to higher education
  • Some data on the Brazilian higher education system
  • Main affirmative actions created and implemented to ensure access of persons with disabilities to higher education.
  • Effectiveness of affirmative actions for access to higher education by persons with disabilities
  • Concluding remarks
  • 10 Achieving substantive equality: Mainstreaming duties to complement affirmative action measures
  • Introduction
  • Mainstreaming duties in Europe
  • Equality duties in the UK
  • Northern Ireland
  • Great Britain
  • Assessment of the public sector equality duty in Great Britain
  • Conclusions
  • 11 Conclusions
  • Index.

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