Grain Subsidies in Ukraine : The Role of WTO Law and the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement.
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| Author / Creator: | |
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| Format: | eBook Electronic |
| Language: | English |
| Imprint: | Boston : BRILL, 2018. |
| Series: | Nijhoff International Trade Law Ser.
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| Subjects: | |
| Local Note: | Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2022. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries. |
| Online Access: | Click to View |
Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Grain Subsidies in Ukraine: The Role of WTO Law and the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement
- Copyright
- Contents
- Acknowledgements
- List of Abbreviations
- Introduction
- Identification of the Research Subject
- Subject of the Study
- The Course of Examination
- 1 Economic Aspects of State Support Measures (Subsidies) with Specific Consideration of Agriculture
- 1.1 Nature and Impact of Subsidies
- 1.2 Specificity of Agricultural Sector
- 1.2.1 Features of Agricultural Markets
- 1.2.2 Components of Agricultural Policies
- 1.2.3 Development Aspects of Agricultural Policies
- 1.2.4 Effects of Agricultural Support
- 1.2.5 Justification of Agricultural Subsidies in Light of the Concept of Multifunctionality
- Conclusion of Chapter 1
- 2 Introduction to Agricultural Policies in Ukraine
- 2.1 Process of Agricultural Transition in Ukraine
- 2.1.1 The Nature of Agricultural Transition
- 2.1.2 Agricultural Transition in Eastern Europe: Common Trends and Specific Features in Ukraine
- 2.2 Legal Framework of Agricultural Policies in Ukraine
- 2.2.1 Lex generalis and Lex specialis of Grain Trade Regulation
- 2.2.2 Organisation Forms of Agricultural Production in Ukraine
- 2.3 Objective Handicaps for Agricultural Growth
- 2.3.1 Grain Production Costs
- 2.3.2 Farm-gate Prices
- 2.3.3 Sustainability Concerns
- Conclusion on Chapter 2
- 3 External Factors with Influence on Ukrainian Grain Policies
- Scope of the Chapter
- 3.1 Implementation of Agricultural Disciplines within World Trade Law
- 3.1.1 Emerging Power of the WTO
- 3.1.2 Particularities of Multilateral Regulation on Agricultural Trade
- 3.1.3 A Short Overview of the AoA Disciplines
- 3.1.4 Agricultural Policies in the Framework of the Doha Reform Process
- 3.2 Agricultural Commitments within Regional Trade Agreements.
- 3.2.1 Issues Emerging with Proliferation of RTAs
- 3.2.2 Incorporation of Agriculture into Trade Deals
- Conclusion of Chapter 3
- 4 Subsidy Definition: International Approaches in Regulation
- Scope of the Chapter
- 4.1 Definition of Subsidy under WTO/GATT Law
- 4.1.1 Overview of Criteria
- 4.1.2 The Element of "financial contribution" (Art. 1.1. (a)(1) of the SCMA)
- 4.1.3 The Element of "government or any public body"
- 4.1.4 Alternatives to the Requirement of "financial contribution by government": Granting of Income or Price Support (Art. 1.1. (a) (1) of the SCMA)
- 4.1.5 The Element of "benefit" (Art. 1.1. (b) of the SCMA in Conjunction with Art. 14 of the SCMA)
- 4.1.6 The Element of "specificity" (Art. 1.2. of the SCMA)
- 4.1.7 Incorporation of Agricultural Subsidies into General Disciplines
- 4.1.8 "Peace Clause" Expiry and the Interplay between the SCMA and the AoA
- 4.2 The EU Approach to Subsidies
- 4.2.1 Introduction
- 4.2.2 The Element of Benefit ("aid in any form")
- 4.2.3 The Element of "public costs"
- 4.2.4 The Element of "selectivity"
- 4.2.5 State Aid v. Subsidy: ECJ Interpretation
- 4.2.6 Agricultural Subsidies in the EU State Aid System
- 4.3 Interplay of the WTO and EU Subsidy Concepts
- 4.4 Regulation of Subsidies in Ukraine
- 4.5 Incorporation of State Aid Regulation into the Framework of EU-Ukraine Co-operation
- 4.6 The EEU Approach to Domestic Support Regulation
- Conclusion of Chapter 4
- 5 The EU Practice on Agricultural Support
- Scope of the Chapter
- 5.1 The Development of European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
- 5.2 Pillar I Measures Applicable to Cereals
- 5.2.1 Grain Interventions
- 5.2.2 Direct Payment Schemes
- 5.3 Examples of Domestic Support "Greening" within Pillar II
- 5.3.1 Investment Aid
- 5.3.2 Risk Management Instruments of the CAP
- Conclusion on Chapter 5.
- 6 Interplay between State Support for Grain in Ukraine and International Trade Commitments
- Scope of the Chapter
- 6.1 Reference Point: Ukraine's WTO Domestic Support Commitments
- 6.2 Overview of State Support for Grain in Ukraine
- 6.3 Price Support
- 6.3.1 Direct Support
- 6.3.2 State Grain Pledges
- 6.3.3 Commodity and Financial Interventions for Cereals
- 6.3.4 Provisional Price Administration
- 6.3.5 State Forward Purchases
- Intermediary Summary
- 6.3.6 Direct Price Controls
- 6.3.7 Market Alternatives to State Price Interventions
- 6.4 Quasi Income Support
- 6.4.1 Subsidised Credits and Loans
- 6.4.2 Leasing Subsidies
- 6.4.3 Other Input Subsidies
- Intermediary Summary
- 6.4.4 Alternatives for Input Subsidies
- 6.4.5 Insurance Subsidies for Agricultural Producers
- 6.5 Shortcomings of Agricultural Direct Support in Ukraine
- 6.5.1 Foreseeability Concern
- 6.5.2 Selectivity v. Equity
- 6.5.3 Efficiency
- Intermediary Summary
- 6.6 Indirect Support: Tax Subsidies
- 6.6.1 Introduction to Ukraine's System of Agricultural Taxation
- 6.6.2 Fixed Agricultural Tax (FAT) Regime
- 6.6.3 VAT Regime for Agricultural Production
- 6.6.4 Taxation of Private Households
- Intermediary Summary
- 6.6.5 Taxation in the Framework of EU-Ukraine Co-Operation
- 6.6.6 General Summary on Agricultural Taxation in Ukraine
- 6.7 Legal Changes of Domestic Support after Ukraine's WTO Accession
- 6.7.1 The Factor of Economic Crisis
- 6.7.2 Changes in the Structure of Agricultural Support
- 6.7.3 Economic Impact of the WTO Accession on the Ukrainian Agricultural Sector
- 6.8 The Case of "External Domestic Support": Co-operation with China
- 6.8.1 China's Agricultural Credits
- 6.8.2 Assessment of Chinese Credits in the Light of WTO Law
- Intermediary Summary
- 6.9 Proposals for Agricultural Policy Reform in Ukraine.
- 6.9.1 Promotion of Private Investment
- 6.9.2 Direct Tackling of Farm Income Problem
- Conclusions on Chapter 6
- 7 Export Measures for Foodstuffs: Rationale, Forms, and Impact
- Scope of the Chapter
- 7.1 Export Restrictions
- 7.1.1 Rationale of Export Restrictions in Agricultural Trade
- 7.1.2 Factors Contributing to the Emerging Significance of Export Restrictions
- Intermediary Summary
- 7.1.3 Regulation of Export Restrictions within the WTO/GATT System
- Intermediary Summary
- 7.1.4 The Case of Export Duty
- 7.1.5 Export Restrictions and Investment Measures
- 7.1.6 Interplay of Export Restrictions and Subsidies
- Intermediary Summary
- 7.1.7 Export Restrictions in the Doha Process
- Intermediary Summary
- 7.2 Agricultural Export Policies in Ukraine
- 7.2.1 General Legal Framework
- 7.2.2 Ukraine's Sunflower Export Policies
- 7.2.3 Export Measures in the Cereals Sector
- 7.2.4 New Mechanisms of Quasi-Voluntary Export Restrictions by Exporters
- 7.3 Credibility of Ukraine's Justifications for Export Restraints
- 7.3.1 Arguments at the National Level
- 7.3.2 Arguments at the Multilateral Level
- 7.4 Alternative Measures
- 7.4.1 National Level
- 7.4.2 Regional Level
- 7.4.3 Global Approach: Alternative Measures at the Multilateral Level
- Intermediary Summary
- 7.5 WTO Disciplines on Export-Incentive Measures in the Context of Ukraine's Agricultural Policies
- Rationale for the Examination
- 7.5.1 Distribution of Non-Commercial Stocks
- 7.5.2 Payments Financed by Virtue of Governmental Action
- 7.5.3 Reduction of Export Marketing Costs
- 7.5.4 Export Credit and Insurance Schemes
- 7.5.5 Regulation of Export-Incentive Measures within the EU-Ukraine AA
- Intermediary Summary
- 7.6 Export Impact of State Trading
- 7.6.1 GATT Disciplines
- 7.6.2 STES in Agriculture
- 7.6.3 State Trading in Ukraine.
- 7.6.4 State Trading Issues within the EU-Ukraine Cooperation
- Intermediary Summary
- Conclusion on Chapter 7
- Final Conclusions
- Bibliography
- Index.