Handbook of Microalgal Culture : Applied Phycology and Biotechnology.
Algae are some of the fastest growing organisms in the world, with up to 90% of their weight made up from carbohydrate, protein and oil. As well as these macromolecules, microalgae are also rich in other high-value compounds, such as vitamins, pigments, and biologically active compounds, All these c...
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| Author / Creator: | |
|---|---|
| Other Authors / Creators: | Hu, Qiang. |
| Format: | eBook Electronic |
| Language: | English |
| Edition: | 2nd ed. |
| Imprint: | Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2013. |
| Subjects: | |
| Local Note: | Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2022. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries. |
| Online Access: | Click to View |
Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Handbook of Microalgal Culture Applied Phycology and Biotechnology
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Part 1 The Microalgal Cell with Reference to Mass Cultures
- 1 The Microalgal Cell
- 1.1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.2 GROSS MORPHOLOGY
- 1.3 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- 1.4 ULTRASTRUCTURE
- 1.4.1 Chloroplast
- 1.4.2 Mitochondrion
- 1.4.3 Nucleus and mitosis
- 1.4.4 Golgi body and endoplasmic reticulum
- 1.4.5 Vacuoles
- 1.4.6 Flagella and eyespots
- 1.4.7 Cell walls and coverings
- 1.5 BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS
- 1.5.1 Carbohydrates
- 1.5.2 Lipids
- 1.5.3 Proteins
- 1.6 BIODIVERSITY
- 1.7 EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY
- 1.7.1 Evolutionary origins
- 1.7.2 Cyanobacteria
- 1.7.3 Eukaryotic super groups
- 1.7.4 Glaucophyte algae
- 1.7.5 Green algae
- 1.7.6 Red algae
- 1.7.7 Heterokont algae
- 1.7.8 Dinoflagellates
- 1.7.9 Haptophytes
- 1.7.10 Cryptophytes
- 1.7.11 Euglenoids
- 1.7.12 Chlorarachniophytes
- 1.7.13 Other photosynthetic alga-like organisms
- 1.8 ECOLOGY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- 2 Photosynthesis in Microalgae
- 2.1 THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- 2.2 THE NATURE OF LIGHT
- 2.3 PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS
- 2.4 THE LIGHT REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- 2.4.1 The photosynthetic membranes
- 2.4.2 Photosynthetic electron transport and phosphorylation
- 2.4.3 The outer light-harvesting antennae
- 2.4.4 Photosystem II
- 2.4.5 Plastoquinone, the cytochrome b6/f complex, and plastocyanin
- 2.4.6 Photosystem I
- 2.4.7 ATP synthase/ATPase
- 2.5 THE DARK REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- 2.5.1 Carbon assimilation
- 2.5.2 Photorespiration
- 2.6 LIGHT ACCLIMATION
- 2.7 SELECTED MONITORING TECHNIQUES USED IN MICROALGAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
- 2.7.1 Measurement of photosynthetic oxygen evolution
- 2.7.2 Measurement of photosynthetic carbon fixation
- 2.7.3 Chlorophyll fluorescence.
- 2.8 THEORETICAL LIMITS OF MICROALGAL PRODUCTIVITY
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- REFERENCES
- 3 Basic Culturing and Analytical Measurement Techniques
- 3.1 ISOLATION OF MICROALGAE
- 3.1.1 Selection of sources of microalgae
- 3.1.2 Enrichment of a culture
- 3.1.3 Direct isolation
- 3.1.4 Producing axenic cultures
- 3.2 SCREENING OF MICROALGAE FOR BIOACTIVE MOLECULES
- 3.2.1 Direct assays
- 3.2.2 Indirect assays
- 3.3 MAINTENANCE AND PRESERVATION OF MICROALGAL STRAINS
- 3.4 MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH PARAMETERS
- 3.4.1 Cell count
- 3.4.2 Optical density method for determination of microalgal biomass
- 3.4.3 Dry and wet mass
- 3.4.4 Moisture content and ash content
- 3.4.5 Chlorophyll determination
- 3.4.6 Total organic carbon (TOC) measurement
- 3.4.7 Doubling time, specific growth rate, and output rate
- 3.4.8 Growth yield
- 3.4.9 Maintenance energy requirement
- 3.5 MODES OF CULTURE
- 3.5.1 Batch culture
- 3.5.2 Continuous cultures
- 3.5.3 Immobilized cultures
- 3.6 ADVANCED BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
- 3.6.1 Carbohydrates
- 3.6.2 Proteins
- 3.6.3 Lipids
- 3.6.4 Fatty acid composition analysis
- 3.6.5 Lipid determination using fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- 4 Strategies for Bioprospecting Microalgae for Potential Commercial Applications
- 4.1 INTRODUCTION
- 4.2 UNIVARIATE APPROACHES TO DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STRAIN COLLECTION STRATEGIES
- 4.2.1 Collection strategies focused on broad collection of all algae in general
- 4.2.2 Collection strategies focused on specific habitat types
- 4.2.3 Collection strategies focused on a targeted chemical composition or product
- 4.2.4 Collection strategies centered on physiological or chemical attributes of the strains
- 4.3 MULTIVARIATE APPROACHES TO DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STRAIN COLLECTION STRATEGIES.
- 4.3.1 Sample collection and enrichment for targeted strain capabilities
- 4.3.2 Simultaneous collection and screening for two or more targeted capabilities
- REFERENCES
- 5 Maintenance of Microalgae in Culture Collections
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.2 THE DIVERSITY OF MICROALGAE IN CULTURE COLLECTIONS
- 5.3 THE CONCEPT OF STRAINS VERSUS SPECIES OF MICROALGAE
- 5.4 MAINTENANCE OF ACTIVELY GROWING CULTURES
- 5.4.1 Purity of cultures
- 5.4.2 Quality control and financial considerations
- 5.4.3 Cryopreservation
- 5.4.4 Identifying and authenticating strains of microalgae in culture collections
- 5.4.5 The future of culture collections
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- 6 Environmental Stress Physiology with Reference to Mass Cultures
- 6.1 INTRODUCTION
- 6.2 LIGHT AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS RATE
- 6.2.1 P versus I curve
- 6.2.2 Photoacclimation
- 6.2.3 Photoinhibition
- 6.2.4 Photoinhibition in outdoor cultures
- 6.2.5 Some practical considerations
- 6.3 SALINITY STRESS
- 6.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS
- 6.5 SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- 7 Environmental Effects on Cell Composition
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
- 7.2.1 Light
- 7.2.2 Temperature
- 7.3 NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
- 7.3.1 Nitrogen
- 7.3.2 Phosphorus
- 7.3.3 Iron
- 7.4 SALINITY
- 7.5 SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF COMBINATIONS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL FACTORS ON CELL COMPOSITION
- 7.6 BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO CONTROL CELL COMPOSITION
- REFERENCES
- 8 Inorganic Algal Nutrition
- 8.1 NUTRITIONAL MODES
- 8.2 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
- 8.3 CARBON
- 8.4 NITROGEN
- 8.5 PHOSPHORUS
- 8.6 OTHER MACRO- AND MICRONUTRIENTS, CHELATES, AND WATER
- 8.7 RECIPES FOR ALGAL GROWTH NUTRIENT MEDIA
- 8.8 UPTAKE OF N AND P
- 8.8.1 Competition for limiting resources (nutrients)
- 8.9 NUTRIENT RATIOS
- 8.10 PHYSICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING NUTRIENT UPTAKE
- 8.10.1 Bioremediation.
- REFERENCES
- 9 Commercial Production of Microalgae via Fermentation
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION
- 9.2 WHY HETEROTROPHIC PRODUCTION OF ALGAE?
- 9.3 THE HETEROTROPHIC CAPACITY OF MICROALGAE
- 9.4 EARLY HISTORY OF THE PRODUCTION OF MICROALGAE IN COMMERCIAL-SCALE FERMENTORS
- 9.5 COMMERCIAL SUCCESS: CHLORELLA FERMENTATION FOR NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS
- 9.6 COMMERCIAL SUCCESS: CRYPTHECODINIUM FERMENTATION FOR DHA
- 9.7 COMMERCIAL SUCCESS: SCHIZOCHYTRIUM FERMENTATION FOR DHA
- 9.8 HETEROTROPHIC CHLORELLA: FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- 9.8.1 Biodiesel from heterotrophic Chlorella
- 9.8.2 Food ingredients from heterotrophic Chlorella
- 9.8.3 Renewable chemicals from heterotrophic Chlorella
- 9.9 CRYPTHECODINIUM: FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- 9.10 SCHIZOCHYTRIUM: FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- 9.10.1 Biodiesel from Schizochytrium
- 9.10.2 New food ingredients from Schizochytrium
- 9.11 OTHER HETEROTROPHIC MICROALGAE: FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- REFERENCES
- 10 Molecular Genetic Manipulation of Microalgae: Principles and Applications
- 10.1 GENE STRUCTURE AND CONTROL OVER EXPRESSION
- 10.1.1 Control elements affecting mRNA levels
- 10.2 SELECTION MARKERS
- 10.3 TRANSFORMATION METHODS
- 10.3.1 Comparison of transformation efficiencies
- 10.4 GENE TARGETING AND KNOCKDOWNS
- 10.4.1 Insertional mutagenesis
- 10.4.2 Homologous recombination
- 10.4.3 RNAi- and antisense RNA expressionmediated gene knockdown
- 10.5 PROBLEMS IN ALGAL TRANSGENICS
- 10.5.1 Gene silencing
- 10.5.2 Codon usage
- 10.5.3 Introns and other elements
- 10.6 NUCLEAR VERSUS CHLOROPLAST TRANSFORMATION
- 10.7 METABOLIC ENGINEERING
- 10.7.1 Selection of gene targets for metabolic engineering
- 10.8 MICROALGAE AS PROTEIN EXPRESSION SYSTEMS
- 10.9 BREEDING, MUTAGENESIS, AND SELECTION
- 10.10 SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- Part 2 Mass Cultivation and Processing of Microalgae.
- 11 Biological Principles of Mass Cultivation of Photoautotrophic Microalgae
- 11.1 LIGHT: THE MAJOR FACTOR IN GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY
- 11.2 CELL CONCENTRATION: A PROMINENT FACTOR OF THE LIGHT REGIME OF CELLS IN THE CULTURE
- 11.2.1 Areal and population densities
- 11.2.2 Light penetration depth
- 11.2.3 Effect of cell density on cellular ultrastructure and composition
- 11.3 MIXING PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC CULTURES
- 11.4 LIGHT-DARK CYCLE FREQUENCIES
- 11.5 THE OPTICAL PATH, A DECISIVE PARAMETER IN GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC CULTURES
- 11.6 ULTRAHIGH CELL DENSITY CULTURES
- 11.6.1 Growth inhibitory substances and conditions
- 11.6.2 Areal density in relation to the optical path
- 11.7 REACTION TIMESCALES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS, IN RELATION TO THE EFFECT OF THE OPTICAL PATH ON CULTURE PRODUCTIVITY
- 11.7.1 Reaction timescales in photosynthesis
- 11.7.2 Cell travel times between the lit and dark volumes in the reactor
- 11.7.3 Long optical paths
- 11.7.4 Short optical paths
- 11.7.5 Radiation dependence of the photosynthetic reaction center - turnover time
- 11.8 THE AVERAGE RADIATION INTENSITY
- 11.9 EFFECTIVE USE OF SUNLIGHT AND HIGH IRRADIANCE FOR PHOTOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTIVITY
- 11.9.1 Response to changing irradiance outdoors
- 11.9.2 Tilting reactor surfaces in adjustment to the solar angle
- 11.10 PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY IN MASS CULTURES (SEE CHAPTER 2)
- 11.10.1 Appraising algal productivity and assessment of reactor efficiency (see also Chapter 12)
- 11.11 MAINTENANCE OF MASS CULTURES
- 11.11.1 Online monitoring of photosynthetic activity
- 11.11.2 Measurement of cell growth and culture productivity
- 11.11.3 Night biomass loss
- 11.11.4 Maintaining OPD
- 11.11.5 Preventing nutritional deficiencies
- 11.11.6 Maintenance of monoalgal cultures and combating contamination
- REFERENCES.
- 12 Theoretical Analysis of Culture Growth in Flat-Plate Bioreactors: The Essential Role of Timescales.